The jsonlite Package: A Practical and Consistent Mapping Between JSON Data and R Objects

A naive realization of JSON data in R maps JSON arrays to an unnamed list, and JSON objects to a named list. However, in practice a list is an awkward, inefficient type to store and manipulate data. Most statistical applications work with (homogeneous) vectors, matrices or data frames. Therefore JSON packages in R typically define certain special cases of JSON structures which map to simpler R types. Currently there exist no formal guidelines, or even consensus between implementations on how R data should be represented in JSON. Furthermore, upon closer inspection, even the most basic data structures in R actually do not perfectly map to their JSON counterparts and leave some ambiguity for edge cases. These problems have resulted in different behavior between implementations and can lead to unexpected output. This paper explicitly describes a mapping between R classes and JSON data, highlights potential problems, and proposes conventions that generalize the mapping to cover all common structures. We emphasize the importance of type consistency when using JSON to exchange dynamic data, and illustrate using examples and anecdotes. The jsonlite R package is used throughout the paper as a reference implementation.