Physics of Ice

1. Introduction 1.1 The importance of ice 1.2 The physics of ice and structure of the book 1.3 The water molecule 1.4 The hydrogen bond 2. Ice Ih 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Crystal structure 2.3 Zero-point entropy 2.4 Lattice energy and hydrogen bonding 2.5 The actual structure 2.6 Summary 3. Elastic, thermal, and lattice dynamical properties 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Elasticity 3.3 Thermal properties 3.4 Spectroscopy of lattice vibrations 3.5 Modelling 4. Electrical properties-theory 4.1 Basics 4.2 Frequency dependence of the Debye relaxation 4.3 The static susceptibility ?s 4.4 Protonic point defects 4.5 Jaccard theory 4.6 Ice with blocking electrodes 4.7 Time constraints 4.8 Summary 5. Electrical properties-experimental 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Techniques 5.3 Pure ice 5.4 Doped ice 5.5 Charge exchange at ice-metal electrodes 5.6 Space-change effects 5.7 Injection and extraction of charge carriers 5.8 Thermally-stimulated depolarization 6. Point defects 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Thermal equilibrium concentrations 6.3 Diffusion and mobility 6.4 Molecular defects 6.5 Protonic point defects 6.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance 6.7 Muon spin rotation, relaxation, and resonance 6.8 Chemical impurities 6.9 Electronic defects 6.10 Photoconductivity 6.11 Review 7. Dislocations and planar defects 7.1 Introduction to dislocations 7.2 Dislocations in the ice structure 7.3 Direct observation of dislocations 7.4 Dislocation mobility 7.5 Electrical effects 7.6 Stacking faults 7.7 Grain boundaries 8. Mechanical properties 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Plastic deformation of single crystals 8.3 Plastic deformation of polycrystalline ice 8.4 Brittle fracture of polycrystalline ice 8.5 Summary 9. Optical and electronic properties 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Propagation of electromagnetic waves in ice 9.3 Infrared range 9.4 Visible optical range-birefringence 9.5 Ultraviolet range 9.6 Electronic structure 10. The surface of ice 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Surface structure 10.3 Optical ellipsometry and microscopy 10.4 Electrical properties of the surface 10.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance 10.6 Scanning force microscopy 10.7 Surface energy 10.8 Review of experimental evidence 10.9 Theoretical models 10.10 Conclusions 11. The other phases of ice 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Ice XI-the ordered form of ice Ih 11.3 Ices VII and VIII 11.4 Ice VI 11.5 Ice II 11.6 Ices III, IV, V, IX, and XII 11.7 Ice X and beyond 11.8 Cubic ice (Ice Ic) 11.9 Amorphous ices 11.10 Clathrate hydrates 11.11 Lattice vibrations and the hydrogen bond 12. Ice in nature 12.1 Lake and river ice 12.2 Sea ice 12.3 Ice in the atmosphere 12.4 Snow 12.5 Glacier and polar ice 12.6 Frozen ground 12.7 Ice in the Solar System 13. Adhesion and friction 13.1 Experiments on adhesion 13.2 Physical mechanisms of adhesion 13.3 Friction