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Part 1 An empirical approach to language teaching methodology: defining methodology research into language processing and production the context and environment of learning classrooms in action exploring language classrooms how to use this book. Part 2 Listening: bottom-up and top-down views of listening identifying different types of listening textual connectivity listening purpose what makes listening difficult? listening texts and tasks investigating listening comprehension. Part 3 Speaking in a second language: identifying different types of speaking predictability and unpredictability the concept of genre the difficulty of speaking tasks classroom interaction stimulating oral interaction in the classroom investigating speaking and oral interaction. Part 4 Reading - discourse perspective: bottom-up and top-down views on reading scheme theory and reading research into reading in a second language reading and social context types of reading text the reading lesson investigating reading comprehension. Part 5 Developing writing skills: differences between spoken and written language writing as process and writing as product the generic structure of texts differences between skilled and unskilled writers writing classrooms and materials investigating writing development. Part 6 Mastering the sounds of the language: a contrastive approach to pronunciation recent theory and research pronunciation in practice investigating pronunciation. Part 7 Vocabulary: the status of vacabulary in the curriculum word lists and frequency counts vocabulary and context vocabulary development and second language acquisition semantic networks and features memory and vocabulary development investigating the teaching and learning of vocabulary. Part 8 Focus on form - the role of grammar: the traditional language classroom second language acquisition research and its influence on practice grammatical consciousness-raising pedagogic materials and techniques for teaching grammar investigating the teaching and learning of grammar. Part 9 Focus on the learner - learning styles and strategies: research into learning styles and strategies the good language learner a learner-centred approach to language teaching learning strategies in the classroom investigating learning strategy preferences. Part 10 Focus on the teacher - classroom management and interaction: amount and type of teacher talk teacher questions feedback on learner performance classroom management in action investigating teacher talk. Part 11 Materials development commercial materials research on materials in use materials and methods materials design materials adaptation investigating materials. Part 12 Language teaching methods - a critical analysis: the psychological tradition the humanistic tradition the second language acquisition tradition investigating methods.