Constitutive Relations for Concrete

A constitutive relation and failure criterion for concrete material under general three-dimensional stress states have been formulated using the work-hardening theory of plasticity. The formulation considers the weak tensile strength, strain-hardening, and fracture behavior of concrete. The resulting stress-strain relationships are compared with existing biaxial loading experimental results and good agreement is generally observed. The relation is suitable for use in the finite element analysis of reinforced or prestressed concrete.