Low and High Energy Modeling in Geant4

Four of the most‐used Geant4 hadronic models, the Quark‐gluon string, Bertini‐style cascade, Binary cascade and Chiral Invariant Phase Space, are discussed. These models cover high, medium and low energies, respectively, and represent a more theoretical approach to simulating hadronic interactions than do the Low Energy and High Energy Parameterized models. The four models together do not yet cover all particles for all energies, so the Low Energy and High Energy Parameterized models, among others, are used to fill the gaps.The validity range in energy and particle type of each model is presented, as is a discussion of the models’ distinguishing features. The main modeling stages are also described qualitatively and areas for improvement are pointed out for each model.