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A range of physical, chemical and combination techniques is used today for various antiseptic, disinfection and sterilization applications. The objective of this chapter is to explore new and emerging technologies in this area. Many physical (such as heat) and chemical (microbicides such as aldehydes, phenols and halogens) in widespread use have not essentially changed, although there have been advances in the way they are used with improvements in microbicidal efficacy, surface compatibility, delivery of the active as well as enhancements in patient, staff, and environmental safety. Examples include optimization of formulation and synergistic mixtures of microbicides. There are many practical, regulatory and financial limitations in the development of new technologies, but innovation has continued in this area and examples are discussed. These include processes such as supercritical fluids, electrical pulsing and intense light sources. Chemical and chemical process technologies include gas plasma, gaseous oxidizing agents and glucoprotamine.