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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION 1 From Idleness to Fatigue The Body Without Fatigue: A Nineteenth-Century Utopia The Disappearance of Idleness Aristocratic Idleness Idleness and Industry Work and Hygiene The Discovery of Fatigue The Poetics of Fatigue Fatigue and Society 2 Transcendenltal Materialism: The Primacy of Arbeitskraft (Labor Power) An Immense Reservoir of Energy Dematerialized Materialism From the Human Machine to the Human Motor Conservation of Energy A Universe of Arbeitskraft: Helmholtz's Popular Scientific Lectures The First Bourgeois Philosopher of Labor Power Animal Machines 3 The Political Economy of Labor Power The Social Implications of Energy Conservation The Marriage of Marx and Helmholtz The Social Physiology of Labor Power The Emergence of Labor Power in Marx Hegelian Helmholtzianism: Engels 4 Time and Motion: Etienne-Jules Marey and the Mechanics of the Body Marey and Modernism An Engineer of Life The Metaphor of the Motor go Bodies in Motion The Language of Physiological Time Motionless Bodies Do Not Exist Chronophotography: The Microscope of Time Time and Motion The Economy of Work 5 The Laws of the Human Motor Social Helmholtzianism Muscular Thermodynamics Elasticity and Efficiency: Auguste Chauveau Care and Feeding of the Human Motor The Laws of Fatigue: Angelo Mosso and the Invention of the Ergograph The Science of Ergography A Fatigue Vaccine? 6 Mental Fatigue, Neurasthenia, and Civilization Mental Fatigue Pathological Fatigue: Neurasthenia Materialism, the Will, and the Work Ethic The Law of the Least Effort: Civilization and Fatigue 7 The European Science of Work Social Energeticism Fatigue and the European Science of Work Arbeitswissenschaft: The Science of Work in Germany The German Sociology of Work Industrial Psychotechnics 8 The Science of Work and the Social Question Between Productivism and Reform Labor Power: Capital of the Nation The Personal Productivity of the Worker Industrial Experiments: Hours and Output Fatigue and Productivity The Physiological Limit and the Ten-Hour Day The Deployment of Social Energy: Military Training and Physical Education Fatigue, Knowledge, and Industrial Accidents Science Between the Classes 9 The Americanization of Labor Power and the Great War 1913--1919 The Challenge of Taylorism Taylorism in France 1913-1914 Jean-Marie Lahy: The Science of Work Against the Taylor System German Taylorism and the Science of Work Psychotechnics and the Great War The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Labor Physiology at War Ergonomics at the Front 1O The Science of Work Between the Wars Productivism Between the Wars The Rapprochement Between the Science of Work and Taylorism The Institutionalization of the Science of Work The Era of Psychotechnics Industrial Psychology and the Pathology of Work Social Politics in the Plant and the Romantic Philosophy of Work The National Socialist Science of Work: DINTA and Beauty of Labor Conclusion: The End of the Work-centered Society? The Legacy of the Human Motor The Obsolescence of the Body NOTES INDEX