Cosmological implications of baryon acoustic oscillation measurements

We derive constraints on cosmological parameters and tests of dark energy models from the combination of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements with cosmic microwave background (CMB) data and a recent reanalysis of Type Ia supernova (SN) data. In particular, we take advantage of high-precision BAO measurements from galaxy clustering and the Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ forest (LyaF) in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). Treating the BAO scale as an uncalibrated standard ruler, BAO data alone yield a high confidence detection of dark energy; in combination with the CMB angular acoustic scale they further imply a nearly flat universe. Adding the CMB-calibrated physical scale of the sound horizon, the combination of BAO and SN data into an ``inverse distance ladder'' yields a measurement of ${H}_{0}=67.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, with 1.7% precision. This measurement assumes standard prerecombination physics but is insensitive to assumptions about dark energy or space curvature, so agreement with CMB-based estimates that assume a flat $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$ cosmology is an important corroboration of this minimal cosmological model. For constant dark energy ($\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$), our $\mathrm{BAO}+\mathrm{SN}+\mathrm{CMB}$ combination yields matter density ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{m}=0.301\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$ and curvature ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{k}=\ensuremath{-}0.003\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$. When we allow more general forms of evolving dark energy, the $\mathrm{BAO}+\mathrm{SN}+\mathrm{CMB}$ parameter constraints are always consistent with flat $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$ values at $\ensuremath{\approx}1\ensuremath{\sigma}$. While the overall ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$ of model fits is satisfactory, the LyaF BAO measurements are in moderate ($2--2.5\ensuremath{\sigma}$) tension with model predictions. Models with early dark energy that tracks the dominant energy component at high redshift remain consistent with our expansion history constraints, and they yield a higher ${H}_{0}$ and lower matter clustering amplitude, improving agreement with some low redshift observations. Expansion history alone yields an upper limit on the summed mass of neutrino species, $\ensuremath{\sum}{m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}<0.56\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ (95% confidence), improving to $\ensuremath{\sum}{m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}<0.25\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ if we include the lensing signal in the Planck CMB power spectrum. In a flat $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$ model that allows extra relativistic species, our data combination yields ${N}_{\mathrm{eff}}=3.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.26$; while the LyaF BAO data prefer higher ${N}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ when excluding galaxy BAO, the galaxy BAO alone favor ${N}_{\mathrm{eff}}\ensuremath{\approx}3$. When structure growth is extrapolated forward from the CMB to low redshift, standard dark energy models constrained by our data predict a level of matter clustering that is high compared to most, but not all, observational estimates.