The Use of <scp>ICT</scp> in Education: a survey of schools in <scp>E</scp>urope

The Survey of Schools: ICT in education commissioned in 2011 by the E uropean C ommission took place between J anuary 2011 and N ovember 2012, with data collection in autumn 2011. This article presents the main findings of the Survey based on over 190,000 questionnaire answers from students, teachers and head teachers in primary, lower and upper secondary schools randomly sampled. The article details the analytical framework design and the survey methodology implemented. It then presents the main ‘state of the art’ indicators that have been built, concerning ICT infrastructure and access to it, frequency of students' ICT based activities during lessons, level of teachers' and students' confidence in their digital competences, their opinion about using ICT for teaching and learning, and the school strategies to support ICT integration in teaching and learning. The article also presents the main findings of the exploratory part of the analysis, introducing the concepts of digitally supportive school , digitally confident and supportive teacher and digitally confident and supportive student , estimating their respective proportion at EU level on average and by country and investigating whether high percentage of digitally supportive schools include high percentages of digitally confident and positive teachers and students . A few recommendations for policy making at E uropean, national, regional/local and institutional levels conclude the article.