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The accurate measurement of exposure to putative causes of disease is essential to the validity of epidemiologic research. This book covers general principles and methods that can be applied to accurately measure a wide range of exposures (risk factors) in epidemiology, including demographic, anthropometric, nutritional, medical, reproductive, genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors. It covers the methods and quality control approaches for the most commonly used data collection methods in epidemiology, including personal interviews, self administered questionnaires, abstraction of records, keeping of dairies, measurements in blood and other body products, and measurements of the environment. The emphasis is on general methods and examples, but not on detailed reviews of the measurement methods for specific exposures. This book also covers three other major topics relevant to exposure measurement. The first is methods to design, analyze, and interpret validity and reliability studies that quantify the degree of measurement error for a specific exposure. This topic is included because such ancillary studies are important in understanding the effects of exposure measurement error on the 'parent' epidemiologic study. The second is methods to maximize response rates. While this topic falls under the construct of reducing selection bias, and most of the rest of the book is focused on reducing misclassification bias, it is included because it is an important aspect of the data collection phase of most epidemiologic studies. The third additional topic, ethical issues in the conduct of epidemiologic research, is included for the same reason.