DIFFERING ONTOGENETIC ORIGINS OF PCR (“KRANZ”) SHEATHS IN LEAF BLADES OF C₄ GRASSES (POACEAE)

The origin and early development of procambium and associated ground meristem of major and minor veins have been examined in the leaf blades of seven C 4 grass species, representing different taxonomic groups and the three recognized biochemical C 4 types (NAD‐ME, PCK, and NADP‐ME). Comparisons were made with the C 3 species, Festuca arundinacea . In “double sheath” (XyMS+) species ( Panicum effusum, Eleusine coracana , and Sporoboìus elongatus ), the procambium of major veins gives rise to xylem, phloem, and a mestome sheath; associated ground meristem differentiates into PCA (“C 4 mesophyll”) tissue and the PCR (“Kranz”) sheath. Development in the C 3 species parallels this pattern, except that associated ground meristem differentiates into mesophyll and a parenchymatous bundle sheath. In contrast, major vein procambium of “single sheath” (XyMS–) species ( Panicum bulbosum, Digitaria brownii , and Cymbopogon procerus ) differentiates into xylem, phloem and a PCR sheath; associated ground meristem gives rise to PCA tissue. These observations of major vein development support W. V. Brown's hypothesis that the PCR sheaths of “double sheath” (XyMS+) C 4 grasses are homologous with the parenchymatous bundle sheaths of C 3 grasses, while in “single sheath” (XyMS–) C 4 species they are homologous with the mestome sheath. Although there are some similarities in the development of the major and minor vascular bundle procambium in the C 4 species examined, the ontogeny of the smaller minor veins is characterized by a precocious delineation of the PCR sheath layer that may even precede the appearance of the distinctive cytological features of ground meristem and procambium. This contracted development in minor veins appears to be related to their close spacing in mature leaves and to their comparatively late appearance during leaf ontogeny.