Differential context effects in the comprehension of abstract and concrete verbal materials.

Three experiments were performed to test contrasting predictions of a dual-representation theory and a context availability model of concreteness effects in verbal processing. In one experiment, abstract and concrete sentences were presented with and without a paragraph context. Without context, subjects took longer to read abstract sentences than concrete sentences. With context, the reading times did not differ. A similar result was observed in a second experiment in which lexical decision times were measured for abstract and concrete words. In the absence of context, lexical decision times for abstract words were longer than for concrete words. With a sentence context, however, the lexical decision times for these two word types were equivalent. A subsequent rating experiment indicated that rated context availability was a good predictor of reaction time in both experiments. The results were discussed as providing support for the context availability model.