Assessment of material damage in a nickel-base superalloy using nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves

A reliable laser-based ultrasonic technique is developed to measure the second order harmonic amplitude of a Rayleigh surface wave propagating in metallic specimens. Rayleigh waves are experimentally generated with a wedge transducer and detected with a heterodyne laser interferometer. The capability of this system to measure the nonlinear contribution present in Rayleigh surface waves is demonstrated, and these results are interpreted in terms of a parameter developed for Rayleigh surface waves which corresponds to the nonlinear parameter of a longitudinal wave, β. The proposed measurement technique is used to assess damage in nickel-base high temperature alloy specimens, and the evolution of material nonlinearity under various loading conditions is quantitatively measured in terms of the increasing amplitude of the second order harmonic. These results show that there is a significant increase in the second order harmonic amplitude at monotonic tensile loads above the material’s yield stress, and that during low cycle fatigue tests, the increase in the second order harmonic amplitude is considerable, although less significant than that in the monotonic loading case. The results from this study show the major role that accumulated plasticity plays in the increase in material nonlinearity, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed experimental procedure to track damage in high temperature alloys.