Serial kinematic analysis of the unstable knee after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament: Temporal and angular changes in a canine model of osteoarthritis

Transection of the anterior cruciate ligament in the dog leads to osteoarthritis. This study defines the kinematic changes in the unstable knee after transection of the cruciate ligament (six dogs) and after a sham operation (four dogs). In the dogs that were anterior cruciate ligament-deficient (ACL-D), the duration of stance 1 week postoperatively decreased 38% from the preoperative value, but only a 4% decrease was seen at 6 weeks. The duration of double hindlimb support increased from 6 to 19% of the entire cycle 1 week after surgery but returned to the baseline value by 18 weeks. As the unstable limb contacted the treadmill belt, the initial flexion (yield) and subsequent extension (propulsive) phases were not evident or were markedly attenuated in every ACL-D dog throughout the 26-week period of observation. The angular velocity patterns were characterized by a slight extension velocity at touchdown (compared with a zero value preoperatively) and a decrease in the peak velocities (both flexion and extension) during the remainder of the stance phase. None of these changes was observed in the animals that had a sham operation. These data indicate that, in the dog, the nervous system compensates for instability of the knee by altering angular, but not temporal, parameters. The extension velocity at touchdown and the reduction in peak flexion velocity during the yield component of the stance phase may reduce the ability of the limb to absorb impact forces and lead to the development of osteoarthritis of the knee.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)