Kinetic Energy—Mass Distributions from the Fission of Nuclei Lighter than Radium

The distributions in masses and total kinetic energies of fission fragments from a number of elements ranging from erbium to bismuth have been measured. The nuclei undergoing fission were produced by bombarding a variety of targets with projectiles ranging from ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ to ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$. The energies of coincident fission fragments were measured using solid-state counters. The energy data were transformed to give mass-total kinetic energy density-of-events distributions. These distributions were compared with those calculated from an approximate version of the liquid-drop model which applies to this region of elements. General agreement in the shapes and widths of the distributions was found, particularly in the cases which involved small angular momenta and small nuclear temperatures. The dependence of the widths of the experimental distributions on the nuclear temperature was found to differ from that predicted by the theory, but uncertainties in the evaluation of nuclear temperatures for the reactions investigated may be large. Analysis of these uncertainties indicated that they were not large enough to alone account for the discrepancy, although this analysis was subject to some error. Angular momentum effects were studied by using certain combinations of targets and projectiles to give the compound nucleus ${\mathrm{Os}}^{186}$ at the same excitation energy but with different angular momenta. The effect of increasing angular momentum was to broaden and change the shape of the experimental distributions.