Advances in global MHD mode stabilization research on NSTX

Stabilizing modes that limit plasma beta and reduce their deleterious effect on plasma rotation are key goals for the efficient operation of a fusion reactor. Passive stabilization and active control of global kink/ballooning modes and resistive wall modes (RWMs) have been demonstrated on NSTX and research is now advancing towards understanding the stabilization physics and reliably maintaining the high beta plasma for confident extrapolation to ITER and a fusion component test facility based on the spherical torus. Active n = 1 control experiments with an expanded sensor set, combined with low levels of n = 3 field phased to reduce error fields, reduced resonant field amplification and maintained plasma rotation, exceeded normalized beta = 6 and produced record discharge durations limited by magnet system constraints. Details of the observed RWM dynamics during active control show the mode being converted to a rotating kink that stabilizes or saturates and may lead to tearing modes. Discharges with rotation reduced by n = 3 magnetic braking suffer beta collapse at normalized beta = 4.2 approaching the no-wall limit, while normalized beta greater than 5.5 has been reached in these plasmas with n = 1 active control, in agreement with the single-mode RWM theory. Advanced state-space control algorithms proposed for RWM control in ITER theoretically yield significant stabilization improvements. Values of relative phase between the measured n = 1 mode and the applied correction field that experimentally produce stability/instability agree with RWM control modelling. Experimental mode destabilization occurs over a large range of plasma rotation, challenging the notion of a simple scalar critical rotation speed defining marginal stability. Stability calculations including kinetic modifications to the ideal MHD theory are applied to marginally stable experimental equilibria. Plasma rotation and collisionality variations are examined in the calculations. Intermediate rotation levels are less stable, consistent with experimental observations. Trapped ion resonances play a key role in this result. Recent experiments have demonstrated magnetic braking by non-resonant n = 2 fields. The observed rotation damping profile is broader than found for n = 3 fields. Increased ion temperature in the region of maximum braking torque increases the observed rate of rotation damping, consistent with the theory of neoclassical toroidal viscosity at low collisionality.