Empirical model of the Io plasma torus: Voyager measurements

We present a description of plasma conditions in the Io plasma torus, between 5 and 10 R J , based on Voyager 1 observations obtained in March 1979. The model includes updated analyses of Plasma Science (PLS) data obtained along the spacecraft trajectory as well as Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) observations of composition made remotely from Jupiter. The plasma characteristics observed along the spacecraft trajectory have been extrapolated along magnetic field lines by numerically solving the equations of diffusive equilibrium to produce radial profiles of plasma properties at the centrifugal equator as well as maps of the densities of the major ionic species in a meridian plane. The diffusive equilibrium distribution of plasma along magnetic field lines depends mainly on T ∥ . Unfortunately, we only have measurements of T ⊥ and must make assumptions about the thermal anisotropy of the plasma. We assume the thermal populations and the suprathermal electrons to be isotropic. The suprathermal ions have probably been recently picked‐up and are expected to be highly anisotropic. Varying the thermal anisotropy of the hot ions between A= T ⊥ / T ∥ =1 to 5 has a minor effect on the plasma maps but makes a significant difference to the fraction of hot ions in the plasma when integrated over a complete shell of magnetic flux. We have found that the vertical extrapolation of plasma density is insensitive to the geometry of different magnetic field models except inside 5 R J (where the plasma scale height is comparable to uncertainties in the location of the centrifugal equator) and outside 8 R J (where the magnetospheric current sheet significantly perturbs the magnetic field). The radial profile of flux tube content ( N L ²) exhibits the same “precipice”, “ledge,” and “ramp” features as previous studies as well as confirming small ‐ scale features which indicate local sources of plasma in the cold torus and near the orbit of Europa. The observations of O ++ and molecular (SO 2 + or S 2 + ) ions inside 5.4 R J , far from Io, in a region of cold dense plasma, remain difficult to explain, indicating either strong temporal variability in the Io plasma source or a strong source of plasma, possibly from the dissociation of dust, inside Io's orbit. Further evidence of a Europa source are the decrease in the ratio of sulfur to oxygen ions and the increase in plasma temperature outside 8 R J .