Influence of Lumbosacral Cerebrospinal Fluid Density, Velocity, and Volume on Extent and Duration of Plain Bupivacaine Spinal Anesthesia

These findings indicate that CSF density and volume influence the spread of spinal anesthesia with plain bupivacaine and that CSF volume also influences the duration of spinal anesthesia. CSF velocity might also influence the duration of plain bupivacaine spinal anesthesia.