SDSS J1534+1615AB: A Novel T Dwarf Binary Found with Keck Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics and the Potential Role of Binarity in the L/T Transition

We have resolved the newly discovered T dwarf SDSS J1534+1615 into a 0.11'' binary using the Keck sodium laser guide star adaptive optics system. With an integrated-light spectral type of T3.5, this binary provides a new benchmark for studying the distinctive J-band brightening previously noted among early and mid-T dwarfs, using two brown dwarfs with different spectral types but having a common metallicity and age and very similar surface gravities. We estimate spectral types of T1.5+/-0.5 and T5.5+/-0.5 for the two components based on their near-IR colors, consistent with modeling the integrated-light spectrum as the blend of two components. The observed near-IR flux ratios are unique compared to all previously known substellar binaries: the component that is fainter at H and K' is brighter at J. This inversion of the near-IR fluxes is a manifestation of the J-band brightening within this individual binary system. Therefore, SDSS 1534+1615 demonstrates that the brightening can be intrinsic to ultracool photospheres (e.g., arising from cloud disruption and/or rapid increase in cloud sedimentation) and does not necessarily result from physical variations among the observed ensemble of T dwarfs (e.g., a range in masses, ages and/or metallicities). We suggest that the apparently large amplitude of the J-band brightening may be due to a high incidence of unresolved binaries and that the true amplitude of the phenomenon could be more modest. This scenario would imply that truly single objects in these spectral subclasses are relatively rare, in agreement with the small effective temperature range inferred for the L/T transition.