Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Activation of (Pro)renin Receptor Promotes Cell Proliferation and Tissue Factor Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

IS stimulates aortic expression of PRR and renin/prorenin through OAT3-mediated uptake, production of reactive oxygen species, and activation of AhR and NF-κB p65 in vascular smooth muscle cells. IS-induced activation of PRR promotes cell proliferation and tissue factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.