Dielectric permittivity and resistivity mapping using high-frequency, helicopter-borne EM data

Abstract The interpretation of helicopter-borne electromagnetic (EM) data is commonly based on the transformation of the data to the apparent resistivity under the assumption that the dielectric permittivity is that of free space and so displacement currents may be ignored. While this is an acceptable approach for many applications, it may not yield a reliable value for the apparent resistivity in resistive areas at the high frequencies now available commercially for some helicopter EM systems. We analyze the feasibility of mapping spatial variations in the dielectric permittivity and resistivity using a high-frequency helicopter-borne EM system. The effect of the dielectric permittivity on the EM data is to decrease the in-phase component and increase the quadrature component. This results in an unwarranted increase in the apparent resistivity (when permittivity is neglected) for the pseudolayer half-space model, or a decrease in the apparent resistivity for the homogeneous half-space model. To avoid this problem, we use the in-phase and quadrature responses at the highest frequency to estimate the apparent dielectric permittivity because this maximizes the response of displacement currents. Having an estimate of the apparent dielectric permittivity then allows the apparent resistivity to be computed for all frequencies. A field example shows that the permittivity can be well resolved in a resistive environment when using high-frequency helicopter EM data.