Energy efficiency ensured through surface temperature and heat flow studies

Surface temperature and heat flow measurement is a highly desirable but difficult thing to accomplish. Unlike applications where transducers in protective tubes are immersed in fluids under controlled or known circumstances, surface measurements require sensors to be outside vessels where environmental conditions may affect results. In addition, surface contours and thermal as well as electrical paths between the sensors and the objects of measurement influence output signal integrity. Selection of sensors and mounting techniques both influence measurement system performance.