Electrostatic emissions between electron gyroharmonics in the outer magnetosphere

Electrostatic emissions are often observed by spacecraft in the outer magnetosphere at frequencies between low electron gyroharmonics. The emissions include the well‐known odd half‐harmonic emissions as well as weaker emissions which occur near the electron plasma frequency. We have constructed a scheme for classifying the emissions and have shown that a theoretical model which has been previously used to explain ‘3/2’ emissions can be extended to the other classes of emissions. All of the emissions therefore appear to be generated by the same basic mechanism: an unstable electron plasma distribution consisting of cold electrons (<100 eV) and hot loss cone electrons (∼1 keV). Each emission class is associated with a particular range of model parameters; the wide‐band electric field data can thus be used to infer the density and temperature of the cold plasma component. The model predicts that gyroharmonic emissions near the plasma frequency require large cold plasma densities.