The impact of environmental factors on the milk ejection and stress of dairy cows

Farm breeding of cattle is organized so that the animals are kept in a controlled environment (an closed corner, feeding time, milking time, workers), where daily animal encounter with familiar sounds, smells, movements and equipment. Any positive or negative change of environment causes certain physiological reactions of cattle on it. Negative stimuli (relocation, new technological activities, unidentified sounds and people) disrupt the homeostasis of the animals and lead them into a state of stress. During stress in cattle appears central inhibition of milk ejection from the alveoli of the udder, causing its incomplete emptying which could lead to pathological changes. In stressful situation, there is a connection between nervous (SA system), endocrine (HPA-axis) and the immune system. Stimuli from the outside were obtained through sight, hearing, smell and touch, leading to nerve impulses which then activate the endocrine system (increased levels of cortisol, ?-endorphin, adrenaline, and reducing levels of oxytocin in the blood), whose actions over a long time lead to decline in immune response and susceptibility to disease. Many studies suggest an association between central inhibition of milk ejection and stressful situations (first milking of primiparious cattle, environment changes), but the very principle of inhibition is not fully understood. Some studies indicate an association between endogenous opioids (?-endorphin) and catecholamines (adrenalin) in the central inhibition of milk ejection, however, there is still no clear evidence and there is still plenty to do in this area.