Maize Morphophysiological Responses to Intense Crowding and Low Nitrogen Availability: An Analysis and Review

Mounting concerns over the cost and environmental impact of N fertilizer combined with progressively higher plant densities in maize ( Zea mays L.) production systems make progress in maize N use efficiency (NUE) and N stress tolerance essential. The primary objectives of this 3‐yr field study were to (i) evaluate the N responsiveness, NUE, and N stress tolerance of multiple modern maize genotypes using suboptimal, optimal, and supraoptimal plant densities (54,000, 79,000, and 104,000 plants ha −1 , respectively) with three levels of side‐dress N (0, 165, and 330 kg N ha −1 ), (ii) identify key morphophysiological responses to the simultaneous stresses of intense crowding and low N availability, and (iii) consider our results with extensive reference to literature on maize morphophysiological responses to plant crowding and N availability. At optimal and supraoptimal plant densities, maize receiving 165 kg ha −1 of side‐dress N displayed strong N responsiveness, high NUE, pronounced crowding tolerance, and plant density independence. However, crowding tolerance was contingent on N application. Relative to less crowded, N‐fertilized environments, the 104,000 plants ha −1 , 0 kg N ha −1 treatment combination exhibited (i) reduced pre‐ and postanthesis plant height (PHT), stem diameter (SD), and total biomass; (ii) greater preflowering leaf senescence and lower R1 leaf areas at individual‐leaf, per‐plant, and canopy levels; (iii) enhanced floral protandry; (iv) lower pre‐ and postanthesis leaf‐chlorophyll content; (v) lower per‐plant kernel number (KN P ), individual kernel weight (KW), grain yield per plant (GY P ), andharvest index per plant (HI P ); and (vi) enhanced per‐plant grain yield variability (GY CV ). Genetic efforts to improve high plant density tolerance should, therefore, simultaneously focus on enhancing NUE and N stress tolerance.