Kuroshio temporal and spatial variations south of Japan determined from inverted echo sounder measurements

The Affiliated Surveys of the Kuroshio off Ashizuri‐Misaki (ASUKA) project is a collaboration between scientists in Japan and the United States to improve our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the Kuroshio off the coast of southwest Japan. In this project an array of nine inverted echo sounders and nine current meter moorings were deployed for 2 years (1993–1995) along a line extending 1000 km from Shikoku. Numerous hydrographic profiles along this section were used to determine the regional gravest empirical modes (GEMs), which relate vertical profiles of temperature and specific volume anomaly to vertical acoustic echo time. These GEMs were used in conjunction with the inverted echo sounder data to calculate 2‐year time series of entire sections of relative geostrophic velocity and temperature. Current meter data provided absolute velocity references for the geostrophic velocity sections. In addition, a time series of Kuroshio position was determined from the GEM temperature sections. It shows three big (>80 km displacement) and three little offshore meanders of the Kuroshio occurring in February, May/June, and October of both years. This suggests a 4‐month periodicity, possibly phase‐locked to the annual cycle. The meanders may be caused by mesoscale eddies arriving from the east. The observed meanders were preceded by low Kuroshio volume transport and were followed by high Kuroshio volume transport. The Kuroshio volume and temperature transports were highly variable, with respective means of 65 ± 4 Sv and 3.7 ± 0.2 PW and standard deviations of 20 Sv and 0.9 PW.