Delamination and delamination magmatism

Lithospheric delamination is the foundering of dense lithosphere into less dense asthenosphere. The causes for this density inversion are thermal, compositional, and due to phase changes. For delamination to occur in the specific, and probably common, case where lithospheric mantle is intrinsically less dense than underlying asthenosphere due to compositional differences, a critical amount of shortening is required for the densifying effect of cooler temperature to counterbalance the effect of composition. Crustal thickening that results from shortening may result in a crustal root that, due to phase changes, becomes denser than the underlying mantle lithosphere and should delaminate with it: most of the negative buoyancy resides at the top of the mantle and the bottom of the crust. In most cases composition is not known well enough to calculate the driving energy of delamination from densities of equilibrium mineral assemblages in a lithospheric column. Poorly known kinetics of phase changes contribute additional uncertainties. In all cases however, the effects of delamination under a region are readily recognizable: rapid uplift and stress change, and profound changes in crustal and mantle-derived magmatism (a reflection of changes in thermal and compositional structure). Characteristics of delamination magmatism are exhibited in the Southern Puna Plateau, central Andes. The consequences of delamination for theories of crustal and mantle evolution remain speculative, but could be important. Recognition of delamination-related magmas in older (including Archean) orogens may be the best way to recognize past delamination events, because the magmas are among the most indelible and least ambiguous of delamination indicators.