Liquid–solid extraction of butyltin compounds from marine samples

Abstract Environmental damage due to organotins (TBT, DBT, MBT) released from antifouling paints is well documented. The concentrations of these compounds in seawater are usually at ppt (parts per 10 12 ) levels. Many analytical techniques, including chromatographic and spectrophotometric ones, have been presented in the literature to detect organotins at these low levels. Liquid‐liquid extraction is commonly employed as a concentration method. However, it presents some disadvantages during sampling campaigns and requires large volumes of toxic and expensive solvents. In this paper we propose an analytical method based on a liquid‐solid extraction procedure that can be easily performed in the field and is characterized by good recoveries and high enrichment factors. Three different solid phases (Carbopack, LC 8 and LC 18) and five different eluting agents (methanol/tropolone, methanol, dichloromethane, hexane and diethyl ether) were evaluated. Carbopack and LC 18 were the most suitable solid phases. Inorganic tin was not retained on these solid phases and a separation of TBT from DBT and MBT was achieved, performing the elution in two steps with methanol and methanol/tropolone. In this way GF AA was suitably employed to obtain butyltin speciation data.