Verification of an improved computational design procedure for TWT-Dynamic refocuser-MDC systems with secondary electron emission losses

A computational procedure for the design of TWT-refocuser-MDC systems was used to design a short "dynamic" refocusing system and highly efficient four-stage depressed collector for a 200-W 8-18-GHz TWT. The computations were carried out with advanced multidimensional computer programs which model the electron beam as a series of disks of charge and follow their trajectories from the RF input of the TWT, through the slow-wave structure and refocusing section, to their points of impact in the depressed collector. Secondary emission losses in the MDC were treated semiquantitatively by injecting a representative beam of secondary electrons into the MDC analysis at the point of impact of each primary beam. A comparison of computed and measured TWT and MDC performance showed very good agreement. The electrodes of the MDC were fabricated from a particular form of isotropic graphite that was selected for its low secondary electron yield, thermal expansion characteristics, ease of machinability, and vacuum properties. This MDC was tested at CW for more than 1000 h with negligible degradation in TWT and MDC performances.