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Carbon and N changes in highly erodible croplands (HELs) under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and the effects of reverting to cultivation in semiarid regions are not well understood. The effects of four transitional production systems [Old World bluestem ( Bothriochloa ischaemum L.)‐unfertilized (OWBUF), Old World bluestem‐fertilized (OWBF), conservation‐tillage (CT), and no‐till (NT) wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)] on soil C and N were determined in two CRP fields in western Oklahoma. Soil potentially mineralizable C (PMC) and N (PMN) were determined in cores collected before and after the reinitiation of cultivation in 1994 and in 1997. Compared with soils of the same series from adjoining cultivated fields, Old World bluestem (OWB) cover increased soil PMC, primarily in the 0‐ to 0.1‐m depth of Dalhart (Aridic Haplustalfs) and La Casa‐Aspermont (Typic Paleustolls) soils before 1994. Negative PMN required a high level of fertility management to improve stand productivity. Shift from OWB to wheat increased soil PMC and PMN in the short‐term. No‐till and CT treatments had PMC averaging 8.9 and 9.6 g m −3 d −1 or 23 to 32% higher than those from OWB treatments in the 0‐ to 0.3‐m depth of Dalhart soil. Soil PMC of the CT treatment averaged 7.2 g m −3 d −1 or 73% higher than that of the La Casa‐Aspermont under OWB. The trend of higher mineralizable C and N suggested that post‐CRP conservation practices, in particular NT, contributed to HEL restoration by also controlling the upward movement and loss of CO 3 ‐C, maintaining these lands as C sinks in semiarid regions.