Heating tokamaks via the ion-cyclotron and ion-ion hybrid resonances

The ion-ion hybrid resonance can occur at high plarma densities in tokamaks and thereby absorb energy from the fast magnetosonic mode which would otherwise propagate freely. Ion-cyclotron resonance regions, although they occur in the low density peripheral plasma, can nonetheless cause sufficient absorption to compete with fundamental cyclotron resonance damping by ions. For the ion-ion hybrid resonance it is shown that: (1) The energy absorption occurs via a sequence of mode conversions.