Air-Breathing Fishes: Evolution, Diversity, and Adaptation

The Biology of Air-Breathing Fishes: Introduction. Environmental Factors Affecting Air-Breathing Fishes. What is an Air-Breathing Fish? The Types of Air-Breathing Fishes. Summary and Overview. Diversity and Natural History: Introduction. The Class Osteicthyes: Families of Air-Breathing Fishes. Summary and Overview. Respiratory Organs: Introduction. Historical. Anatomy and Morphometrics. Types of Air-Breathing Organs. Lungs and Respiratory Gas Bladders. ABOs of the Higher Teleosts. Circulatory Adaptations: Introduction. Defining the Problems. Comparative Circulatory Specialization. Pulmonary Circulation: Lungfishes and Primitive Actinoperterygians. Summary and Overview. Aerial and Aquatic Gas Exchange: Introduction. Defining the Problems. Comparative Circulatory Specialization. Pulmonary Circulation: Lungfishes and Primitve Actinoperterygians. Summary and Overview. Cardiorespiratory Control: Introduction. Physical and Chemical Aspects. Comparative Aspects of Ventilatory Control: Fishes and Mammals. Studies of Bimodal Control. Studies of Central and Peripheral Control. Studies of ABO Receptors. Cardiorespiratory Reflexes. Summary and Overview. Blood Respiratory Properties: Introduction. Hemoglobin Function in Air-Breathing Fishes. Other Aspects of Air-Breathing Fish Blood Function. Summary and Overview. Metabolic Adaptations: Introduction. Oxygen Access and Intermediary Metabolism. Nitrogen Metabolism. Summary and Overview. Synthesis: Introduction. The Natural History of Fish Air Breathing. Factors Leading to the Evolution of Air Breathing. Air-Breathing Specializations. Air Breathing and Aquaculture. Fish Air Breathing and the Evolution of Tetrapods. References. Index.