Regenerative gain in a Raman free-electron laser oscillator

A parametric study of gain in a millimeter-wave Raman free-electron laser oscillator and comparisons to linear theory are carried out. The intense (1 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), relativistic (600-800 keV), cold [ <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(\delta\gamma/\gamma)_{\parallel} &lt; 1</tex> percent] electron beam employed is guided by a 9.45 kG magnetic field through a 1.45 cm period, 49.5 cm long uniform undulator. Operation at < 1 kG pump field results in a < 10 percent electron quiver velocity ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\upsilon_{\perp}/\upsilon_{\parallel}</tex> ) velocity. The laser power output has been mea sured at ∼ 3 MW corresponding to an efficiency of 4 percent, and tunability in the 90-170 GHz range has been achieved with a narrow linewidth ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta \lambda/\lambda \leq 1</tex> percent). Using a new technique, linear small-signal growth rates have been unfolded from the oscillator startup delays. Excellent agreement is found with three-dimensional small-signal calculations for both the spatial growth rate and the resonance frequency. One-dimensional theory was found to predict shorter wavelength laser output than that observed.