When Victims Become Killers

List of Abbreviations ix Preface and Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Thinking about Genocide 3 1. Defining the Crisis of Postcolonial Citizenship: Settler and Native as Political Identities 19 2. The Origins of Hutu and Tutsi 41 3. The Racialization of the Hutu/Tutsi Difference under Colonialism 76 4. The Social Revolution of 1959 103 5. The Second Republic: Redefining Tutsi from Race to Ethnicity 132 6. The Politics of Indigeneity in Uganda: Background to the RPF Invasion 159 7. The Civil War and the Genocide 185 8. Tutsi Power in Rwanda and the Citizenship Crisis in Eastern Congo 234 Conclusion: Political Reform after Genocide 264 Notes 283 Bibliography 343 Index 357