Weaving of 3D fabrics: A critical appreciation of the developments

The paper critically reviews the various developments that have taken place in the area of weaving 3D fabrics. Various methods have been evolved and each is unique in its own way. Each method is suited for specific end use applications. Thus, fabrics could be woven with different structures and profiles to fit specific requirements. The unique features of each method have been highlighted. The major differences between the 2D and 3D methods of weaving have been pointed out. 3D fabrics could be manufactured on the 2D conventional weaving machines with certain modifications. The 3D fabrics are basically intended for use in technical applications. Fabrics could be produced with special profiles and shapes to cater to specific applications. Methods have been evolved for producing 3D fabrics to be used as advanced composite preforms, by weaving on a conventional loom by modifying the shedding and take–up devices. Yet another interesting recent development is the utility of the 3D weaving concept to produce bifurcated vascular prosthesis.