K‐Ar and Ar‐Ar geochronology of the Himalayan collision in NW Pakistan: Constraints on the timing of suturing, deformation, metamorphism and uplift

Mica and hornblende K‐Ar and Ar‐Ar data are presented from each of the three crustal components of the Himalayan collision zone in North Pakistan: the Asian plate, the Kohistan Island Arc, and the Indian plate. Together with U‐Pb and Rb‐Sr data published elsewhere these new data (1) date the age of suturing along the Northern Suture, which separates Kohistan from Asia, at 102–85 Ma; (2) establish that the basic magmatism in Kohistan, which postdates collision along the Northern Suture, predates 60 Ma, and that the later granite magmatism spanned a range of 60–25 Ma; (3) show that uplift amounts within Kohistan are greater toward the Nanga Parbat syntaxis than away from it and that rate of uplift near the syntaxis increased over the last 20 Ma to a current figure of about 5.5 mm a year; (4) show that much of southern Kohistan had cooled to below 500°C by 80 Ma and that the major deformation which imbricated Kohistan probably predated 80 Ma and certainly predated 60 Ma and was related to the Kohistan‐Asia collision rather than the Kohistan‐India one; (5) imply that uplift along the Hunza Shear in the Asian plate together with imbrication of the metamorphics in its hanging wall took place at about 10 Ma and was associated with breakback thrusting in the hanging wall of the Main Mantle Thrust; (6) suggest that the Indian plate has a lengthy pre‐Himalayan history with an early metamorphism at about 1900 Ma, major magmatism at 500–550 Ma and early Jurassic lithospheric extension or inversion; and (7) show that the Indian plate rocks were metamorphosed shortly after the collision within Kohistan, which occurred at circa 50 Ma, and subsequently cooled back through 500°C at circa 38 Ma and 300°C at 30–35 Ma with ages of cooling through 200° and 100°C (as determined by fission track data) locally controlled by Nanga Parbat related uplift tectonics.