Production of hot electrons for axisymmetric thermal barrier formation in a tandem mirror

Hot electrons have been produced by second harmonic electron-cyclotron resonance heating in axisymmetric end mirrors of the tandem mirror GAMMA10 [Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 939 (1985)] with an on-axis density fraction reaching 80% and temperature of 25–50 keV, satisfying theoretically required conditions for the formation of thermal barriers. The successful control of the electron temperature may be attributed to the relativistic detuning of the second harmonic resonance for localized microwave power absorption. The time evolutions of relevant parameters are studied with extensive diagnostics.