Radical addition–fragmentation chemistry in polymer synthesis

This review traces the development of addition–fragmentation chain transfer agents and related ring-opening monomers highlighting recent innovation in these areas. The major part of this review deals with reagents that give reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). These reagents include dithioesters, trithiocarbonates, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. The RAFT process is a versatile method for conferring living characteristics on radical polymerizations providing unprecedented control over molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, composition and architecture. It is suitable for most monomers polymerizable by radical polymerization and is robust under a wide range of reaction conditions. It provides a route to functional polymers, cyclopolymers, gradient copolymers, block polymers and star polymers.