A hadronic origin for ultra-high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects

Current Cherenkov telescopes have identified a population of ultra-high-frequency peaked BL Lac objects (UHBLs), also known as extreme blazars, that exhibit exceptionally hard TeV spectra, including 1ES 0229+200, 1ES 0347-121, RGB J0710+591, 1ES 1101-232, and 1ES 1218+304. Although one-zone synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) models have been gen-erally successful in interpreting the high-energy emission observed in other BL Lac objects, they are problematic for UHBLs, necessitating very large Doppler factors and/or extremely high minimum Lorentz factors of the emitting leptonic population. In this context, we have investigated alternative scenarios where hadronic emission processes are important, using a newly developed (lepto-)hadronic numerical code to systematically explore the physical pa-rameters of the emission region that reproduces the observed spectra while avoiding the ex-treme values encountered in pure SSC models. Assuming a fixed Doppler factor δ = 30, two principal parameter regimes are identified, where the high-energy emission is due to: 1) proton-synchrotron radiation, with magnetic fields B ∼ 1 − 100 G and maximum proton en-ergies Ep;max. 1019 eV; and 2) synchrotron emission from p-γ-induced cascades as well as