Ion Channel Remodeling Is Related to Intraoperative Atrial Effective Refractory Periods in Patients With Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

AF is predominantly accompanied by decreased protein contents of the L-type Ca(2+) channel and several potassium channels. Reductions in L-type Ca(2+) channel correlated with AERP and rate adaptation, and they represent a probable explanation for the electrophysiological changes during AF.