Search for a command to run...
Summary Sulphate scale deposition is a common problem in hydrocarbon reservoirs in which injection seawater that is rich in sulphate mixes with formation brines that are rich in barium, strontium, and calcium. Deposition of these scales can cause significant production impairment if it occurs within zones near the production wellbores. To control scale deposition in the near-wellbore region of a reservoir, scale squeeze treatments are commonly deployed. In cases in which scale severity is very high, removal of sulphate ions from the injection water is an alternative scale-control strategy. Both these mitigation methods have associated capital (CAPEX) (e.g., desulphation plant) and operating expenditures (OPEX) (e.g., scale squeeze treatments). To assess the severity of the problem in new fields, thermodynamic calculations typically are performed to calculate the mass of scale that will form. Until recently, little work has been carried out to identify the location of scale formation within the reservoir. In this paper, field data and flow simulations from three North Sea fields are presented to show that scale formation can, in fact, occur deep within the reservoir and can have a negligible negative impact on oil production in the near-wellbore region. Evidence is presented from these North Sea fields that shows the evolution of the brine chemistry as seawater breakthrough occurs and as squeeze treatments are applied. The evidence from the produced brine chemistry is linked to flow calculations for these fields to show that in some systems scale is depositing deep within the reservoir, reducing the potential for damage in the near-production wellbore region. The extent and impact of the deposition varies throughout the reservoir and can be quantified. Modeling brine mixing and stripping of the scaling ions before the fluids reach the production wellbore has a significant impact on the economic assessment of marginal fields and deepwater developments. In such fields, the technical challenge and cost (CAPEX/OPEX) of scale control might make development uneconomical. This paper outlines the data requirements and methodology used to allow such an assessment to be made.