Energy consumption and economic growth in Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela: a time series analysis

Applying recently developed techniques of cointegration and Hsiao's version of Granger causality to three Latin countries (Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela), this study finds no causal linkages between energy consumption and economic growth for both Mexico and Venezuela using the trivariate models. However, capital is found to negatively, though weakly, cause economic growth for both Mexico and Venezuela. Additionally, energy is found to cause economic growth for Brazil. In sum, we detect no consistent causal patterns between energy and economic growth based on the causality tests from the three Latin countries.