A new experimental classification of divertor detachment in ASDEX Upgrade

In this paper, a new experimental classification of divertor detachment in ASDEX Upgrade is presented. For this purpose, a series of ohmic and L-mode density ramp discharges at different heating powers, magnetic field directions and plasma species were carried out. For the first time at ASDEX Upgrade the electron density in the divertor volume and the occurrence of volume recombination were measured by means of spectroscopy. It is shown that detachment is not a continuously evolving process but rather undergoes three distinct states while the characteristics of the inner and outer divertor are strongly coupled. Before the complete detachment of the inner and outer divertor, radiative fluctuations occur in the inner divertor close to the X-point, observed for the first time via new fast diode bolometers. Finally, the effect of an externally applied magnetic perturbation field on the detachment process is investigated.