Cost Modelling and Simulation of Last-mile Characteristics in an Innovative B2C Supply Chain Environment with Implications on Urban Areas and Cities

The last mile in a B2C environment is currently regarded as one of the more expensive, least efficient and most polluting sections of the entire logistics chain. Taking these “last mile problems” into account, the authors developed a last-mile typology and an instrument to simulate the total last-mile costs whereby specific last-mile characteristics are used as independent variables.