Enhancing the efficacy of fouling-release coatings against fouling by<i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>using nanofillers

Fouling-release (FR) coatings minimise the adhesion strength of fouling organisms. This study describes improved technologies to control the settlement and adhesion of the important fouling organism Mytilus galloprovincialis by incorporating the nanofillers titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrices. The incorporation of TiO(2) prevented larval settlement when photoactivated with UV light, even at the lowest concentration of the nanofiller (3.75 wt%). Notably, there was 100% mortality of pediveligers exposed to photoactivated TiO(2). However, plantigrades initially settled to photoactivated TiO(2), but their adhesion strength was significantly reduced on these surfaces in comparison to blank PDMS. In addition, plantigrades had high mortality after 6 h. In contrast to the enhanced antifouling and FR properties of PDMS incorporating TiO(2), the incorporation of CNTs had no effect on the settlement and adhesion of M. galloprovincialis.