Childhood Hygienic Practice and Family Education Status Determine the Prevalence of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection in Iran

The rate of prevalence of H. pylori infection was higher than developed countries. Low socioeconomic status, poor sanitary indications, and crowded families in childhood were related to high prevalence of H. pylori infection in Iran. Accordingly, fecal-oral and oral-oral routes could be considered as the main pathways of transmission of H. pylori.