Environmental Effects on the Resistance of Rice Seedlings to Complete Submergence

The survival of rice seedlings ( Oryza sativa L.) after complete Submergence in water decreased with increased duration of submergence; with increased depth, temperature, and turbidity of water; and with increased rates of N fertilization. Survival increased with high light intensity and plant carbohydrate content. Factors that influence the survival of submerged plants also determine the amounts of N and carbohydrate in the plant.