Impacts of supplementation: genetic diversity in supplemented and unsupplemented populations of summer chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Puget Sound (Washington, USA)

In supplementation programs, hatcheries employ wild-origin fish as brood stock and their offspring are allowed into wild spawning areas. Resource managers use supplementation to support imperiled salmonid populations, seeking to increase census size and possibly effective population size (N e ), while minimizing risks of genetic diversity loss and domestication from hatchery intervention. Here we document impacts of 5–10 years of supplementation on threatened summer-run chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ) in Hood Canal (HC) and Strait of Juan de Fuca (SJF) in Washington State and compare them genetically with unsupplemented summer- and fall-run chum salmon from HC and South Puget Sound. Microsatellite allele frequencies identified four run-timing and geographic groups. HC and SJF summer chum salmon genetic relationships followed a metapopulation pattern of isolation by distance, similar to patterns prior to supplementation, suggesting that supplementation minimally impacted population structure. In most supplemented subpopulations, we detected no effects on diversity and N e , but high variance in individual pairwise relatedness values indicated over-representation of family groups. In two subpopulations, hatchery impacts (decreased diversity and lower N e ) were confounded with extreme bottlenecks. Rebounds in census sizes in all subpopulations suggest that general survivorship has improved and that possible hatchery effects on genetic diversity will be overcome.