In search of historical biogeographic patterns in the western Mediterranean terrestrial fauna

A cladistic biogeographic study of the western Mediterranean terrestrial fauna is made using taxon-area cladograms of ten groups of animals showing high levels of endemicity in the area. The groups analysed are the Nephrotoma flavescens group, the Tipula (Acutipula) maxima group, the T. (Lunatipula) bullata and falcata group, the subgenus T. (Mediotipula), the T. (Savtshenkia) goriziensis group, the T. (S) signata group (Insecta, Diptera, Tipulidae), the Protonemura corsicana group (Insecta, Plecoptera, Nemouridae), the genus Speonemadus (Insecta, Coleoptera, Cholevidae), and the subgenera Triturus (Palaeotriton) and Triturus (Triturus) (Urodela, Salamandridae). The groups contain a total of 123 species and subspecies. Detailed distribution maps of 94 species and subspecies of Tipulidae included in the study are given. Based on the distributions of 74 endemic species and subspecies, 13 areas of endemism in the Mediterranean are recognized. The geology of the western Mediterranean since the late Oligocene is discussed with reference to a number of maps showing kinematic reconstructions of the area. Five methods for cladistic biogeographic purposes were employed, viz. Brooks Parsimony Analysis, Component Compatibility Analysis, Component Analysis, Three-Area Statements Analysis, and Paralogy-free Subtree Analysis. General area cladograms produced by computer implementations of the five methods show low levels of congruence. Geological area cladograms are fully compatible with some of the results of Brooks Parsimony Analysis only.