Ambient noise tomography across the Central Andes

The Central Andes of southern Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile (between 12°S and 42°S) comprise the largest orogenic plateau in the world associated with abundant arc volcanism, the Central Andean Plateau, as well as multiple segments of flat-slab subduction making this part of the Earth a unique place to study various aspects of active plate tectonics. The goal of this continental-scale ambient noise tomography study is to incorporate broad-band seismic data from 20 seismic networks deployed incrementally in the Central Andes from 1994 May to 2012 August, to image the vertically polarized shear wave velocity (<it>V</it><inf>sv</inf>) structure of the South American Cordillera. Using dispersion measurements calculated from the cross-correlation of 330 broad-band seismic stations, we construct Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps in the period range of 8–40 s and invert these for the shear wave velocity (<it>V</it><inf>sv</inf>) structure of the Andean crust. We provide a dispersion misfit map as well as uncertainty envelopes for our <it>V</it><inf>sv</inf> model and observe striking first-order correlations with our shallow results (∼5 km) and the morphotectonic provinces as well as subtler geological features indicating our results are robust. Our results reveal for the first time the full extent of the mid-crustal Andean low-velocity zone that we tentatively interpret as the signature of a very large volume Neogene batholith. This study demonstrates the efficacy of integrating seismic data from numerous regional broad-band seismic networks to approximate the high-resolution coverage previously only available though larger networks such as the EarthScope USArray Transportable Array in the United States.